Utente:Vinci71/Prove

Traduzione voce Telavi

History First archaeological findings from Telavi date back to Bronze Age. One of the earliest surviving accounts of Telavi is from the 2nd century AD, by Greek geographer Ptolemeus, who mentions the name Teleda (a reference to Telavi). Telavi began to transform into a fairly important and large political and administrative center in the 8th century, AD. Interesting information on Telavi is provided in the records by an Arab geographer Al Mukadis of the 10th century, who mentions Telavi along with such important cities of that time's Caucasus as Tbilisi, Shamkhor, Ganja, Shemakha and Shirvan. Speaking about the population of Telavi, Al Mukamdis points out that for the most part is consisted of Christians.

From the 10th until the 12th century (AD), Telavi served as the capital of the Kingdom of Kakheti. During the so called Golden Era of the Georgian State (12-13th centuries), Telavi turned into one of the most important political and economic centers of the Georgian State . After the disintegration of the united Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century, the role of Telavi started to decline and the city eventually became an ordinary town of trade and crafts. Telavi re-gained its political importance in the 17th century and by 1762, it turned into the second capital (after Tbilisi) of the united Eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti. The reign of King Erekle II was a special epoch in the history of Telavi. during this period (1744-1798) it grew into a strategic and cultural centre. Erakle II established there theological seminary and founded a theatre. Erekle II's reforms touched upon all the aspects of life in the country. they changed fundamentally the political, economical and cultural orientation of Kartli-Kakheti and, subsequently of the whole Georgia. His name became a symbol of freedom and national independence of the Georgian people. They still call him affectionately “Patara Kakhi” (Little Kakhetian). Hist heroic deeds are described in the folk literature.

Russian Rule In 1801, after the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the Russian Empire, Telavi lost its status as a capital. In the 19th century, the city was given the status of an administrative center of an uyezd within the Tbilisi Gubernyia. During that period, the economy of the city was mainly composed of small-scale industries (leather painting, pottery production, wine-making, etc.), commerce and agriculture. Town's population was about 12,000 in the end of the 19th century (about 9,000 Armenians, chiefly refuges from Ottoman Armenia, and 2,000 Georgians)[1]).

Heritage Telavi and its surroundings are rich in historical, architectural and natural monuments. Important heritage monuments preserved within the city limits include:

   * "Dzveli Galavani" (old walls) - fortress of the first Kakhetian kings (9-10th centuries, AD);
   * Church of the St. Mary (16th century, AD); Church of the Holy Trinity (6th century, AD);
   * Fortress "Batonis Tsikhe" (fortress of master) built in 17th century, AD - this is the only, well-preserved medieval royal palaces in Georgia;
   * "Korchibashishvilebis Tsikhe" - castle of local noblemen Korchibashishvilis (16-18th centurty, AD);
   * "Vakhvakhishvilebis Tsikhe" - castle of local noblemen Vakhvakhishvilis (18th centurty, AD).

Telavi is the only city in Georgia, where 4 fortification monuments of different periods are remained. Due to this reason, architects, scholars and art historians consider Telavi as the most "medieval" cities in the country. Another curious sight Telavi, an 900-years-old sycamore (45 m high, 12.4 m around the trunk). Other notable landmarks around Telavi include the Alaverdi Cathedral (11th century, AD) - the second highest cathedral in Georgia after the newly built Sameba (the Holy Trinity in Tbilisi), the Ikalto Academy (8-12th centuries, AD) - location, where the famous Georgian writer Shota Rustaveli studied), the Church of St. George (dedicated to the patron saint of Georgia; it is said that in Georgia there are 365 churches in the name of St. George), ruins of the city and castle of Gremi (the former capital of Kakheti from the 15-17th centuries, AD), Shuamta - a complex made up of three churches of different periods - 6th, 7th and 8th centuries in a highland forest, Akhali Shuamta ("New Shuamta" in English) - the monastery close to Dzveli Shuamta ("Old Shuamta" in English), built in the 16th century, the stunning Tsinandali Gardens (the residential Palace of Noblemen Chavchavadzes family) and many others.

Geography The landscape of Telavi is scenic. The city is wrapped in picturesque landscapes from all sides. Telavi faces the Tsiv-Gombori Range to the south and south-west and borders on the Alazani Valley to the north and east. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, which runs to the north of the Alazani Valley, can be seen from most of Telavi.

At present, the city of Telavi is connected with Tbilisi by two highways. The most widely travelled (and better-paved) highway runs through the rural areas of Kakheti and is longer (the overall length of the highway is approximately 156 km) than the route, which runs through the highlands of the Gombori Mountain Range. The shorter route (approx. 96 km) is quite scenic, but is less used due to the reconstruction works that are being carried out there.

Because of its beauty, historical monuments and most importantly, the hospitality and kindness of its residents, the city is a fairly popular tourist destination in Georgia.

Storia

I primi ritrovamenti archeologici di Telavi risalgono all'età del Bronzo. Uno dei più antichi resoconti giunti fino a noi è del geografo greco Tolomeo, nel secondo secolo D.C., che cita il nome Teleda, riferimento a Telavi. Telavi cominciò a trasformarsi in un centro politico ed amministrativo piuttosto grande ed importante nel VIII secolo D.C. Una interessante informazione viene fornita dalle annotazioni del geografo Arabo Al Mukadis, del X secolo, che cita Telavi insieme ad altre importanti città del Caucaso di quell'epoca come Tbilisi, Shamkhor, Ganja, Shemakha e Shirvan. A proposito della popolazione di Telavi, Al Mukadis sottolinea che per la maggior parte si trattava di cristiani.

Dal X al XII secolo d.C., Telavi ebbe il ruolo di capitale del Regno di Kakheti. Durante la cosiddetta Età dell'Oro dello Stato Georgiano (XII-XIII secolo), Telavi divenne uno dei centri politici ed economici più importanti dello Stato. Dopo la disgregazione del Regno Georgiano unitario nel XV secolo, il ruolo di Telavi cominciò a perdere di importanza, divenendo successivamente una normale città di commercio ed artigiani. Telavi riconquistò la sua importanza politica nel XVII secolo e nel 1762 era diventata la seconda capitale, dopo Tbilisi, del Regno Georgiano Orientale di Kartl-kakheti unitario. Il regno di Erekle II rappresentò un periodo speciale nella storia di Telavi: in questo periodo (1744-1798) crebbe come centro strategico e culturale. Erekle II fondò il seminario teologico e costruì un teatro. Le riforme di Erekle II coinvolsero tutti gli aspetti della vita del paese. Cambiarono fondamentalmente l'orientamento politico, economico e culturale di Kartli-Kakheti e conseguentemente, di tutta la Georgia. Il suo nome divenne simbolo di libertà ed indipendenza nazionale per la popolazione georgiana. Viene ancora chiamato affettuosamente "Patara Kakhi" (Piccolo Kakhetiano). Le sue gesta eroiche sono descritte nella letteratura popolare.

Dominazione Russa

Nel 1801, dopo che il Regno di Kartli-Kakheti fu annesso all'Impero Russo, Telavi perse il suo status di capitale. Nel XIX secolo, alla città venne conferito il ruolo di centro amministrativo di un "uyezd" nell'ambito del Governatorato di Tbilisi. In questo periodo, l'economia della città era formata per la maggior parte da industrie di piccole dimensioni (pittura di cuoio, produzione di vasellame, produzione di vino, etc.), commercio ed agricoltura. La popolazione della città era di circa 12.000 abitanti alla fine del XIX secolo (circa 9.000 Armeni, principalmente profughi dall'Armenia Ottomana, e 2.000 Georgiani).

Geografia

Il paesaggio di Telavi è suggestivo. La città è circondata su ogni lato da scenari pittoreschi. Telavi è rivolta a sud e a sud-ovest verso la catena di Tsiv-Gombori e affianca a nord e ad est la Valle Alazani. A nord della Valle Alazani corre la Grande Catena del Caucaso, che può essere vista da gran parte di Telavi.

Al momento, la città di Telavi è collegata a Tbilisi da due autostrade. La più utilizzata (dotata della migliore pavimentazione) attraversa le aree rurali di Kakheti ed è più lunga (la lunghezza complessiva dell'autostrada è di circa 156 km) rispetto alla strada che attraversa gli altipiani della catena di Gombori. La strada più breve (circa 96 km) è piuttosto panoramica, ma meno usata a causa dei lavori di ricostruzione che vi stanno avendo luogo.

Grazie alla sua bellezza, ai monumenti storici, ed ancora più importante, all'ospitalità e gentilezza degli abitanti, Telavi è una destinazione turistica piuttosto popolare in Georgia.

Teatro Bolshoj

The Bolshoi Theatre (in russo Большой театр^?, Bol'shoy Teatr, Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect Joseph Bové, which holds performances of ballet and opera.

History

The company was founded in 1776 by Prince Peter Urussov and Michael Maddox. Initially, it held performances in a private home, but in 1780, it acquired the Petrovka Theatre and began producing plays and operas.

Main Hall of the Bolshoi Theatre

The current building was built on Theatre Square in 1824 to replace the Petrovka Theatre, which had been destroyed by fire in 1805. It was designed by architect Andrei Mikhailov, who had built the nearby Maly Theatre in 1824.

At that time, all Russian theatres were imperial property. Moscow and St Petersburg each had only two theatres, one intended for opera and ballet (these were known as the Bolshoi Theatres), and one for plays (tragedies and comedies). As opera and ballet were considered nobler than drama, the opera houses were named "Grand Theatres" ("Bolshoi" being the Russian for "large" or "grand") and the drama theatres were called "Smaller Theatre" ("Maly" being the Russian for "small," "lesser," or "little").

The Bolshoi Theatre's original name was the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow, while the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre (demolished in 1886), was called the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre.

The Moscow theatre was inaugurated on 18 January 1825 with a performance of Fernando Sor's ballet, Cendrillon. Initially, it presented only Russian works, but foreign composers entered the repertoire starting around 1840. A fire in 1853 caused extensive damage; reconstruction was carried out by Albert Kavos, son of Caterino Kavos, an opera composer. The theater reopened in 1856. During World War II, the theatre was damaged by a bomb, but it was promptly repaired.

The Bolshoi has been the site of many historic premieres including Tchaikovsky's Voyevoda and Mazeppa, and Rachmaninoff's Aleko and Francesca da Rimini.

Storia

La compagnia fu fondata nel 1776, dal principe Peter Urussov e da Michael Maddox. Inizialmente, le esibizioni venivano tenute in una casa privata, ma nel 1780 venne acquistato il teatro Petrovka, ed iniziò la produzione di opere e spettacoli.

L'attuale edificio venne costruito nella Piazza del Teatro nel 1824, per rimpiazzare il teatro Petrovka, distrutto da un incendio nel 1805. Venne progettato dall'architetto Andrei Mikhailov, che aveva costruito il vicino Teatro Maly, sempre nel 1824.

A quel tempo, tutti i teatri russi erano proprietà imperiale. Mosca e San Pietroburgo avevano ciascuna solo due teatri, uno dedicato all'opera ed al balletto (conosciuti come teatri Bol'shoj), ed uno per gli spettacoli (tragedie e commedie).

Il nome originale del teatro Bol'šoj era Grande Teatro Imperiale di Mosca, mentre quello del teatro Bol'šoj di San Pietroburgo (demolito nel 1886) era Grande Teatro Imperiale Kamennj.

Il teatro di Mosca fu inaugurato il 18 gennaio 1825, con la rappresentazione del balletto di Fernando Sor Cendrillon. Inizialmente, venivano presentati solo lavori russi, ma i lavori di compositori stranieri entrarono nel repertorio a partire dal 1840 circa. Un incendio nel 1853 provocò ingenti danni; la ricostruzione fu portata avanti da Albert Kavos, figlio del compositore operistico Caterino Kavos. Il teatro riaprì nel 1856. Nel corso della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, il teatro fu danneggiato da una bomba, ma venne rapidamente riparato.

Ballet and opera

The Bolshoi is a repertory theatre, meaning that it draws from a stable of productions, any one of which may be performed on a given evening. It normally introduces two to four new ballet or opera productions each season and retires a similar number. The sets and costumes for most productions are made in the Bolshoi's own workshops. The performers are drawn primarily from the Bolshoi's regular ballet and opera companies, with occasional guest performances. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there have been a few attempts to reduce the theatre's traditional dependence on large state subsidies. Corporate sponsorship occurs for some productions, but state subsidy is still the lifeblood of the company.

The Bolshoi has been associated from its beginnings with ballet. Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake premiered at the theatre on Saturday, March 4, 1877. Other staples of the Bolshoi repertoire include Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, Adam's Giselle, Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet, and Khachaturian's Spartacus. After the death of Stalin, international touring companies from the Bolshoi became an important source of cultural prestige, as well as foreign currency earnings, and as a result the "Bolshoi Ballet" became a well-known name in the West. Bolshoi-related troupes continue to tour regularly in the post-Soviet era.

The opera company specializes in the classics of Russian opera such as Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov, Glinka's A Life for the Tsar, and Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride, as well as the operas of Tchaikovsky. Many operas by western composers are also performed, especially works of Italian composers such as Rossini, Verdi, and Puccini. Until the mid-1990s, most foreign operas were sung in Russian, but Italian and other languages have been heard more frequently on the Bolshoi stage in recent years.

Some operas, such as Borodin's Prince Igor, include extensive ballet sequences. Many productions, especially of classic Russian opera, are given on a scale of grand spectacle, and can have dozens of costumed singers and dancers on stage for crowd or festival scenes.

Balletto e Opera

Il Bol'šoj è un teatro di repertorio, ossia ha a disposizione un certo numero di produzioni fisse, ognuna delle quali può essere rappresentata in una data serata. Normalmente, ad ogni stagione vengono inserite da due a quattro nuove produzioni di opera o balletto, e ne viene ritirato un numero simile. Gli scenari ed i costumi per la maggior parte delle produzioni sono realizzati nei relativi reparti dello stesso Bol'šoj. Gli interpreti vengono scelti principalmente all'interno delle compagnie regolari di opera e balletto del Bol'šoj, con occasionali esibizioni di ospiti. Dal crollo dell'Unione Sovietica, ci sono stati alcuni tentativi di ridurre la dipendenza del teatro da imponenti sussidi statali. La sponsorizzazione da parte di compagnie private coinvolge alcune produzioni, ma i fondi statali costituiscono ancora una parte importante del bilancio della compagnia.

Il Bol'šoj, fin dal suo inizio, è stato associato al balletto. Il 4 marzo 1877 si tenne la prima del balletto Il Lago dei Cigni di Tchaikovsky.

Current status of the Bolshoi

The main Bolshoi Theatre closed for restoration in 2005, and, as of early 2008, is scheduled to reopen in 2009 with the theatre making its first performance in November. The Theatre has undergone many renovations in its lifetime, but none as major as this. The restoration will cost $US730 million (The restoration was initially due to cost 15 billion roubles ($610 million) but engineers found the structure was more than 75 percent unstable), and is funded entirely by the federal government.

The restoration will repair the foundation and brickwork. The renovation is intended to restore the original acoustics of the theatre, which were largely lost as a result of renovations during the Soviet era. Inside the theatre, the entire space has been stripped from the bottom up, the 19th-century wooden fixtures, silver stage curtain and French-made red velvet banquettes removed for repair in specialist workshops. At the very top of the facade, the two-headed eagle of the original Russian coat of arms has been installed in place where the Soviet sickle and hammer hung for decades.

The New Bolshoi Theatre, adjacent to the original and built incredibly in only six months, continues to stage an extensive repertory of concerts and performances. Since these two theatres are the most famous in Moscow, they are usually frequented by tourists, and the prices can be correspondingly much more expensive when compared to other Russian theatres, particularly for ballets, where the prices are comparable to those for performances in the West. Concerts and operas are still relatively affordable, with prices in the 300 to 2,000 rouble range for good par-terre (main floor) or balcony seats (US$1 = approximately 25 roubles). Prices do go up every year, however.

Attuale situazione del Bol'šoj

Il Teatro Bol'soj principale è stato chiuso per ristrutturazione nel 2005 e, secondo le informazioni dell'inizio del 2008, la riapertura è prevista per il 2009, con la prima rappresentazione nel mese di Novembre. Il Teatro ha subito molti rinnovamenti nel corso della sua storia, ma nessuno di questa ampiezza. La ristrutturazione costerà 730 milioni di dollari americani: il costo iniziale previsto era di 16 miliardi di rubli (610 milioni di dollari americani), ma gli ingegneri scoprirono che la struttura era instabile per oltre il 75 per cento. Il costo è interamente coperto dal governo federale.

La ristrutturazione coinvolge le fondamenta e la muratura. Il rinnovamento si propone di ripristinare l'acustica originale del teatro, largamente compromessa dopo una serie di restauri dell'epoca sovietica. All'interno del teatro, tutto lo spazio è stato svuotato completamente,

Notes

• The Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre used to exist in Saint Petersburg. It stood next to the Circus Theatre (rebuilt in 1860 as the Mariinsky Theatre), but it was replaced in the 1890s by the present-day building of the St. Petersburg Conservatory. It was at St. Petersburg's Bolshoi that the first great Russian operas, Glinka's A Life for the Tsar and Ruslan and Lyudmila, were premiered.

• The Bolshoi Ballet has a branch at the Bolshoi Theatre School in Joinville, Brazil.