Utente:Valentino Ciccocioppo/sendbox
| TITOLO DELLA NOTA: TORNARE A DISABILITA' |
| Credo che ne parlerò con l'unico utente che ha avuto la bontà di darmi retta |
E questa riga viene usata come segnalibro
Le Tusculanae Disputationes (Discussioni di Tuscolo) sono una serie di libri scritti da Cicerone intorno al 45 a.C.[1] nel tentativo di diffondere la corrente filosofica dello Stoicismo a Roma.
Si compongono di cinque libri:
- "Sul disprezzo della morte"
- "Sulla resistenza al dolore"
- "Sui dispiaceri"
- "Sugli altri sconvolgimenti dell'animo"
- "Se la virtù da sola sia sufficiente per avere una vita felice"
La tematica del disprezzo del mondo, già affrontata nel De contemptu mundi venne successivamente ripresa da Boezio nella tarda antichità e da Bernardo di Chiaravalle nella prima metà del III secolo.
Nelle Tusculanae Disputationes si parla dalla leggenda della spada di Damocle, e si confutano anche le teorie di Amafinio, uno dei primi scrittori Latini.
In uno studio recente Bernhard Koch[2] ha dimostrato come Cicerone miri ad una terapia delle emozioni basandosi su fondamenta scettiche e sia esterno alle tesi storiche.
Note
Riferimenti
Link esterni
- e-book (scarica dal link Progetto Gutemberg)
Disabilità: dichiarazione di Madrid
L'Amnesia (dal [greco] Αμνησὶα) è un disturbo della [memoria] a breve termine. In pratica è la perdita di memoria. Le cause dell'amnesia sono sia organiche che funzionali. Le cause organiche includono danni cerebrali causati da traumi o malattie, o uso di droghe (generalmente sedative). Le cause funzionali sono consistono in fattori psicologici, come i [meccanismi di difesa]. L'amnesia isterica post traumatica ne è un esempio. L'amnesia potrebbe essere spontanea, come nel caso dell'[amnesia transitoria globale]. Questo tipo di amnesia globale è più comune nelle persone di mezz'età che negli anziani, in particolare maschi, e in genere ritengono un ricordo per meno di 24 ore.
Un'altro effetto dell'amnesia è l'incapacità di immaginare il futuro. Un recente studio pubblicato online nel Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [rivista on line di scienze fisiche, sociali e biologiche] che le amnesie conseguenti ad un danneggiamento dell'ippocampo rendono incapaci di immaginare il futuro.[2] Questo perché normalmente la percezione del futuro si basa sull'esperienza del passato per costruire un possibile scenario. Ad esempio, una persona che vuole andare ad una festa deve poter usare la sua esperienza passata relativamente alle feste per poter immaginare l'evento.
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Contents
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1 Forms of amnesia 2 Types and causes of amnesia 3 Amnesia in fiction 4 See also 5 References
[edit] Forms of amnesia
In anterograde amnesia, new events contained in the immediate memory are not transferred to the permanent as long-term memory.
Retrograde amnesia is the distinct inability to recall some memory or memories of the past, beyond ordinary forgetfulness.
The terms are used to categorize patterns of symptoms, rather than to indicate a particular cause or etiology. Both categories of amnesia can occur together in the same patient, and commonly result from drug effects or damage to the brain regions most closely associated with episodic/declarative memory: the medial temporal lobes and especially the hippocampus.
An example of mixed retrograde and anterograde amnesia may be a motorcyclist unable to recall driving his motorbike prior to his head injury (retrograde amnesia), nor can he recall the hospital ward where he is told he had conversations with family over the next two days (anterograde amnesia).
The effects of amnesia can last long after the condition has passed; many sufferers claim that amnesia changes from a neurological condition to a psychological condition, whereby the patient loses confidence and faith in their own memory and accounts of past events.
[edit] Types and causes of amnesia
Post-traumatic amnesia is generally due to a head injury (e.g. a fall, a knock on the head). Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent of either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. Mild trauma, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The sufferer may also lose knowledge of who people are, they may remember events, but will not remember faces of them.
Dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. Dissociative amnesia can include:
Repressed memory refers to the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or rape. The memory is stored in long term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. This contrasts with e.g. anterograde amnesia caused by amnestics such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, where an experience was prevented from being transferred from temporary to permanent memory storage: it will never be recovered, because it was never stored in the first place. Formerly known as "Psychogenic Amnesia"
Dissociative Fugue (formerly Psychogenic Fugue) is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma and is usually temporary, unresolved and therefore may return. The Merck Manual defines it as "one or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home." [3] While popular in fiction, it is extremely rare.
Posthypnotic amnesia is where events during hypnosis are forgotten, or where past memories are unable to be recalled.
Lacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event.
Childhood amnesia (also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood. Sigmund Freud attributed this to sexual repression, while others have theorised that this may be due to language development or immature parts of the brain.
Transient global amnesia is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the hippocampus can sometimes be visualized using a special form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain known as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor nor any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear, hypotheses include transient reduced blood flow, possible seizure or an atypical type of migraine. Patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved.
Source amnesia is a memory disorder in which someone can recall certain information, but they do not know where or how they obtained the information.
Memory distrust syndrome is a term invented by the psychologist Gisli Gudjonsson to describe a situation where someone is unable to trust their own memory.
Blackout phenomenon can be caused by excessive short-term alcohol consumption, with the amnesia being of the anterograde type.
Korsakoff's syndrome can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a Vitamin B1 deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of Amnesia. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known to be connected with confabulation.
Drug-induced amnesia is intentionally caused by injection of an amnesiac drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those which are not performed under full anesthesia, or which are likely to be particularly traumatic. Such drugs are also referred to as "premedicants". Most commonly a 2'-halogenated benzodiazepine such as midazolam or flunitrazepam is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnestic drugs such as propofol or scopolamine may also be used for this application. Memories of the short time frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer affected.
Prosopamnesia is the inability to remember faces, even in the presence of intact facial recognition capabilities. Both acquired and inborn cases have been documented.
[edit] Amnesia in fiction
Main article: List of appearances of amnesia in fiction
Amnesia is prevalent in many works of fiction. Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. When one has amnesia in fiction, it is often followed by a melodramatic "Who am I? What am I? Where am I?", or sometimes, "[name of amnesiac]? Who's [name of amnesiac]?" Amnesia has also been prominently used as a plot device in many video games to help explain why the main character (and in essence the player) knows very little about the world he is in.
In movies and television, particularly sitcoms and soap operas, it is often depicted that a second hit to the head (similar to the first one) cures the amnesia. In reality, however, repeat concussions may cause cumulative deficits including cognitive problems, and in extremely rare cases may even cause deadly swelling of the brain associated with second-impact syndrome.
[edit] See also
Betrayal Trauma Clive Wearing Emotion and memory False memory HM (patient) Mr. Nobody Doug Bruce KC (patient) transient epileptic amnesia (TEA)
[edit] References
^ eMedicine - Transient Global Amnesia : Article by Roy Sucholeiki ^ Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ^ The Merck Manuals Online