Neisseria

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Neisseria
Classificazione scientifica
Dominio Prokaryota
Regno Bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
Classe Betaproteobacteria
Ordine Neisseriales
Famiglia Neisseriaceae
Genere Neisseria

Il termine Neisseria fa riferimento un genere di batteri che colonizzano l'epitelio degli animali.[1] La maggior parte delle specie appartenenti a questo genere sono membri del normale microbiota e solo 2 risultano patogene per l'uomo: N. gonorrhoeae e N. meningitidis.[2]

Etimologia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Il genere Neisseria prende il nome dal batteriologo tedesco Albert Neisser che ne scoprì il primo esemplare, la Neisseria gonorrhoeae, l'agente patogeno della gonorrea, nel 1889.[3]

Caratteristiche[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Le specie che colonizzano l'uomo sono β-proteobacteria gram negativi, postivi alla prova dell'ossidasi e al test della catalasi, con due diverse morfologie: gonococco e bastoncellare.[4] Si dispongono frequentemente in coppia o in corte catenelle, spesso capsulate e non flagellate. Crescono in aerobiosi, ma alcune specie possono anche crescere in anaerobiosi. Chemiorganotrofe.[5]

Tassonomia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[3]

  • Neisseria animalis, Berger 1960
  • Neisseria animaloris, Vandamme et al. 2006
  • Neisseria arctica, Hansen et al. 2017
  • Neisseria bacilliformis, Han et al. 2006
  • Neisseria canis, Berger 1962
  • Neisseria cinerea, (von Lingelsheim 1906) Murray 1939
  • Neisseria dentiae, Sneath and Barrett 1997
  • Neisseria dumasiana, Wroblewski et al. 2017
  • Neisseria elongata, Bøvre and Holten 1970
  • Neisseria flava, Bergey et al. 1923
  • Neisseria flavescens, Branham 1930
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisser 1889
  • Neisseria iguanae, Barrett et al. 1994
  • Neisseria lactamica, corrig. Hollis et al. 1969
  • Neisseria lisongii Yang et al. 2023
  • Neisseria macacae, Vedros et al. 1983
  • Neisseria meningitidis (Albrecht and Ghon 1901) Murray 1929
  • Neisseria montereyensis Volokhov et al. 2023
  • Neisseria mucosa Véron et al. 1959
  • Neisseria musculi Weyand et al. 2016
  • Neisseria oralis Wolfgang et al. 2013
  • Neisseria perflava Bergey et al. 1923
  • Neisseria polysaccharea Riou and Guibourdenche 1987
  • Neisseria shayeganii Wolfgang et al. 2011
  • Neisseria sicca (von Lingelsheim 1908) Bergey et al. 1923
  • Neisseria subflava (Flügge 1886) Trevisan 1889
  • Neisseria wadsworthii Wolfgang et al. 2011
  • Neisseria weaveri Holmes et al. 1993
  • Neisseria weixii Zhang et al. 2019
  • Neisseria yangbaofengii Yang et al. 2023
  • Neisseria zalophi Volokhov et al. 2018
  • Neisseria zoodegmatis Vandamme et al. 2006

Genetica[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Le specie presentano caratteristiche genetiche comuni principalmente dovute alla presenza di progenitori comuni e al trasferimento genico orizzontale.[2] Sono stati effettuati studi basati sull'uso di pannelli di geni "core" (cgMLST) e il sequenziamento multiloco ribosomiale (rMLST) che dimostrano come le varie specie condividano 246 geni (190,534 nucleotidi) pari a circa l'8,68% del totale.[6]

Analisi filogenetiche sui geni comuni permettono di distinguere 7 gruppi principali.[2] Il corredo genetico comune è nel complesso simile per composizione, dimensione e architettura, ma risultano presenti notevoli differenze a livello dei nucleotidi presenti tra le diverse specie.[7] Il materiale genetico accessorio presenta invece un numero variabile di loci che non sono uniformemente distribuiti in tutte le specie e include elementi intra ed extra cromosomici come plasmidi, isole genomiche e profagi.[8]

Molti dei loci associati alla virulenza sono stati trovati in diverse specie, pertanto si ritiene che le differenze nella sequenza genica e nell'espressione genica potrebbero essere fattori determinanti nella differenziazione fenotipica delle specie.[9]


Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  1. ^ (EN) Guangyu Liu, Christoph M. Tang e Rachel M. Exley, Non-pathogenic Neisseria: members of an abundant, multi-habitat, diverse genus, in Microbiology, vol. 161, n. 7, 1º luglio 2015, pp. 1297–1312, DOI:10.1099/mic.0.000086. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  2. ^ a b c (EN) Martin C. J. Maiden e Odile B. Harrison, Population and Functional Genomics of Neisseria Revealed with Gene-by-Gene Approaches, in C. S. Kraft (a cura di), Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 54, n. 8, 2016-08, pp. 1949–1955, DOI:10.1128/JCM.00301-16. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Genus: Neisseria, su lpsn.dsmz.de. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  4. ^ (EN) Kanny Diallo, Jenny MacLennan e Odile B. Harrison, Genomic characterization of novel Neisseria species, in Scientific Reports, vol. 9, n. 1, 24 settembre 2019, DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-50203-2. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  5. ^ Maria Grazia Fiorin, Microbiologia. Principi e tecniche, Milano, Zanichelli, 1993, p. 363, ISBN 88-08-09537-1.
  6. ^ (EN) Julia S. Bennett, Keith A. Jolley e Sarah G. Earle, A genomic approach to bacterial taxonomy: an examination and proposed reclassification of species within the genus Neisseria, in Microbiology, vol. 158, n. 6, 1º giugno 2012, pp. 1570–1580, DOI:10.1099/mic.0.056077-0. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  7. ^ (EN) Julia S Bennett, Stephen D Bentley e Georgios S Vernikos, Independent evolution of the core and accessory gene sets in the genus Neisseria: insights gained from the genome of Neisseria lactamica isolate 020-06, in BMC Genomics, vol. 11, n. 1, 2010-12, DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-11-652. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  8. ^ Julia S. Bennett, Holly B. Bratcher e Carina Brehony, The Genus Neisseria, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 881–900, ISBN 978-3-642-30196-4. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.
  9. ^ (EN) Lori AS Snyder e Nigel J Saunders, The majority of genes in the pathogenic Neisseria species are present in non-pathogenic Neisseria lactamica, including those designated as 'virulence genes', in BMC Genomics, vol. 7, n. 1, 2006-12, DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-7-128. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2024.

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